40 US Training and Credential Statistics: 2026 Research and Pay Data
831US occupations compared
541Typical entry below a bachelor’s
341Of those, projected to grow by 2035
Our count of detailed occupations in BLS table 1.2, 2025–2035. Counts describe occupations, not job shares. A typical entry education category does not remove licensing, experience or employer requirements.
Source: BLS table 1.2, August 2026; counts calculated by Fight For 50.
Compare occupation pay and entry routes
2025 US median annual wages describe all wage-and-salary workers in an occupation, not starting pay or certificate outcomes. Openings are annual averages for 2025–2035 and include replacements. Employment and openings below are people, converted from BLS thousands. Missing or top-coded wages remain labelled.
831 detailed occupations
| Occupation / SOC | 2025 median annual pay | Typical entry education | Related work experience | On-the-job training | Annual openings, 2025–35 | Employment change, 2025–35 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chief executives11-1011 | $213,990 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 19,100 | 3.2% |
| General and operations managers11-1021 | $105,770 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 285,000 | 5.0% |
| Advertising and promotions managers11-2011 | $133,660 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 2,300 | -3.7% |
| Marketing managers11-2021 | $166,790 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 34,000 | 6.9% |
| Sales managers11-2022 | $148,270 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 47,300 | 4.5% |
| Public relations managers11-2032 | $146,910 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 6,100 | 5.7% |
| Fundraising managers11-2033 | $125,470 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 3,700 | 5.4% |
| Administrative services managers11-3012 | $114,130 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 22,000 | 5.2% |
| Facilities managers11-3013 | $106,660 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 14,200 | 4.6% |
| Computer and information systems managers11-3021 | $175,140 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 53,500 | 15.8% |
| Financial managers11-3031 | $166,570 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 65,600 | 9.7% |
| Industrial production managers11-3051 | $126,060 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 17,000 | 2.6% |
| Purchasing managers11-3061 | $148,080 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 6,400 | 4.0% |
| Transportation, storage, and distribution managers11-3071 | $107,230 | High school diploma or equivalent | 5 years or more | None | 18,300 | 6.1% |
| Compensation and benefits managers11-3111 | $149,230 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 1,600 | 1.1% |
| Human resources managers11-3121 | $149,280 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 16,800 | 5.5% |
| Training and development managers11-3131 | $133,000 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 4,100 | 6.4% |
| Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers11-9013 | $89,900 | High school diploma or equivalent | 5 years or more | None | 70,800 | -3.4% |
| Construction managers11-9021 | $114,990 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 49,700 | 9.1% |
| Education and childcare administrators, preschool and daycare11-9031 | $59,300 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 5,200 | -3.1% |
| Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary11-9032 | $105,870 | Master's degree | 5 years or more | None | 20,600 | -0.3% |
| Education administrators, postsecondary11-9033 | $104,590 | Master's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 14,500 | 1.8% |
| Education administrators, all other11-9039 | $95,200 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 3,900 | 1.6% |
| Architectural and engineering managers11-9041 | $171,270 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 14,900 | 5.5% |
| Food service managers11-9051 | $69,390 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Short-term on-the-job training | 38,800 | 5.8% |
| Gambling managers11-9071 | $93,220 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 600 | 3.6% |
| Entertainment and recreation managers, except gambling11-9072 | $79,520 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 5,100 | 6.0% |
| Lodging managers11-9081 | $69,250 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 5,500 | 3.8% |
| Medical and health services managers11-9111 | $123,860 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 62,300 | 24.2% |
| Natural sciences managers11-9121 | $167,220 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 9,200 | 8.2% |
| Postmasters and mail superintendents11-9131 | $96,660 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | -0.3% |
| Property, real estate, and community association managers11-9141 | $69,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Short-term on-the-job training | 36,900 | 3.7% |
| Social and community service managers11-9151 | $80,390 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 18,500 | 7.2% |
| Emergency management directors11-9161 | $93,330 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 1,100 | 3.9% |
| Funeral home managers11-9171 | $78,790 | Associate's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 2,600 | 4.1% |
| Personal service managers, all other11-9179 | $69,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 2,000 | 6.2% |
| Managers, all other11-9199 | $141,900 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 100,900 | 4.9% |
| Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes13-1011 | $82,890 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 2,400 | 9.7% |
| Buyers and purchasing agents13-1020 | $77,710 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 47,200 | 6.0% |
| Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators13-1031 | $78,000 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 20,900 | -5.5% |
| Insurance appraisers, auto damage13-1032 | $78,240 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 700 | -8.7% |
| Compliance officers13-1041 | $80,730 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 32,700 | 3.8% |
| Cost estimators13-1051 | $78,740 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 17,600 | -3.1% |
| Human resources specialists13-1071 | $75,940 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 73,700 | 6.4% |
| Farm labor contractors13-1074 | $58,460 | No formal educational credential | Less than 5 years | Short-term on-the-job training | 100 | 7.4% |
| Labor relations specialists13-1075 | $95,420 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 4,800 | 2.1% |
| Logisticians13-1081 | $82,320 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 26,600 | 17.6% |
| Project management specialists13-1082 | $102,320 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 76,500 | 6.7% |
| Management analysts13-1111 | $101,860 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 94,100 | 10.1% |
| Meeting, convention, and event planners13-1121 | $61,160 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 16,800 | 5.8% |
| Fundraisers13-1131 | $72,550 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 10,000 | 5.5% |
| Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists13-1141 | $78,210 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 9,000 | 6.0% |
| Training and development specialists13-1151 | $69,280 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 46,000 | 10.8% |
| Market research analysts and marketing specialists13-1161 | $78,760 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 82,000 | 7.0% |
| Business operations specialists, all other13-1199 | $83,050 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 98,700 | 3.9% |
| Accountants and auditors13-2011 | $83,680 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 115,300 | 5.0% |
| Property appraisers and assessors13-2020 | $67,960 | Bachelor's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 5,200 | 3.5% |
| Budget analysts13-2031 | $91,640 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,900 | 1.9% |
| Credit analysts13-2041 | $83,510 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,100 | -4.3% |
| Financial and investment analysts13-2051 | $102,740 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 24,700 | 7.2% |
| Personal financial advisors13-2052 | $105,070 | Bachelor's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 17,100 | 1.4% |
| Insurance underwriters13-2053 | $81,370 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,800 | -3.8% |
| Financial risk specialists13-2054 | $117,330 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,800 | 7.4% |
| Financial examiners13-2061 | $94,160 | Bachelor's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 4,500 | 9.3% |
| Credit counselors13-2071 | $52,230 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,000 | 3.3% |
| Loan officers13-2072 | $76,690 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 17,100 | 1.1% |
| Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents13-2081 | $62,370 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,400 | -1.0% |
| Tax preparers13-2082 | $54,920 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 9,400 | 4.7% |
| Financial specialists, all other13-2099 | $81,100 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 9,400 | 4.1% |
| Computer systems analysts15-1211 | $105,850 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 32,900 | 7.9% |
| Information security analysts15-1212 | $129,180 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 14,100 | 21.0% |
| Computer and information research scientists15-1221 | $140,300 | Master's degree | None | None | 2,900 | 21.8% |
| Computer network support specialists15-1231 | $76,220 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 9,000 | 1.2% |
| Computer user support specialists15-1232 | $61,860 | Some college, no degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 39,700 | -3.5% |
| Computer network architects15-1241 | $134,050 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 9,600 | 7.7% |
| Database administrators15-1242 | $104,620 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,300 | -0.1% |
| Database architects15-1243 | $139,500 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 3,900 | 9.4% |
| Network and computer systems administrators15-1244 | $99,130 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 13,400 | -4.1% |
| Computer programmers15-1251 | $100,390 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,400 | -7.3% |
| Software developers15-1252 | $135,980 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 95,300 | 10.2% |
| Software quality assurance analysts and testers15-1253 | $104,300 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 10,700 | 5.7% |
| Web developers15-1254 | $92,650 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 5,300 | 3.8% |
| Web and digital interface designers15-1255 | $104,000 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 8,300 | 6.0% |
| Computer occupations, all other15-1299 | $116,580 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 27,000 | 5.1% |
| Actuaries15-2011 | $130,000 | Bachelor's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,500 | 9.2% |
| Mathematicians15-2021 | $126,710 | Master's degree | None | None | 100 | 0.6% |
| Operations research analysts15-2031 | $88,940 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 7,500 | 11.9% |
| Statisticians15-2041 | $105,650 | Master's degree | None | None | 1,900 | 11.0% |
| Data scientists15-2051 | $120,230 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 24,800 | 34.6% |
| Mathematical science occupations, all other15-2099 | $81,490 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 200 | 7.1% |
| Architects, except landscape and naval17-1011 | $99,280 | Bachelor's degree | None | Internship/residency | 6,900 | 4.3% |
| Landscape architects17-1012 | $79,870 | Bachelor's degree | None | Internship/residency | 1,700 | 4.4% |
| Cartographers and photogrammetrists17-1021 | $81,390 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 900 | 7.4% |
| Surveyors17-1022 | $75,440 | Bachelor's degree | None | Internship/residency | 3,100 | 5.8% |
| Aerospace engineers17-2011 | $134,960 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,800 | 8.3% |
| Agricultural engineers17-2021 | $98,590 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 100 | 6.9% |
| Bioengineers and biomedical engineers17-2031 | $109,370 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,200 | 7.6% |
| Chemical engineers17-2041 | $125,040 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,100 | 4.7% |
| Civil engineers17-2051 | $100,840 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 22,700 | 6.4% |
| Computer hardware engineers17-2061 | $161,740 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,100 | 9.1% |
| Electrical engineers17-2071 | $120,630 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 11,400 | 9.9% |
| Electronics engineers, except computer17-2072 | $130,220 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,900 | 3.7% |
| Environmental engineers17-2081 | $107,110 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,300 | 6.3% |
| Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors17-2111 | $115,160 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,200 | 5.4% |
| Industrial engineers17-2112 | $102,440 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 23,100 | 12.4% |
| Marine engineers and naval architects17-2121 | $112,230 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 500 | 6.7% |
| Materials engineers17-2131 | $112,860 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,300 | 7.5% |
| Mechanical engineers17-2141 | $104,110 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 17,800 | 11.2% |
| Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers17-2151 | $106,220 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 300 | 3.8% |
| Nuclear engineers17-2161 | $133,970 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 800 | 0.4% |
| Petroleum engineers17-2171 | $144,910 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,000 | 2.0% |
| Engineers, all other17-2199 | $122,930 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 8,800 | 3.7% |
| Architectural and civil drafters17-3011 | $66,150 | Associate's degree | None | None | 9,100 | 5.2% |
| Electrical and electronics drafters17-3012 | $76,870 | Associate's degree | None | None | 1,400 | -3.4% |
| Mechanical drafters17-3013 | $71,550 | Associate's degree | None | None | 2,900 | -6.0% |
| Drafters, all other17-3019 | $63,520 | Associate's degree | None | None | 1,000 | -7.3% |
| Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians17-3021 | $82,890 | Associate's degree | None | None | 1,100 | 11.9% |
| Civil engineering technologists and technicians17-3022 | $64,950 | Associate's degree | None | None | 6,100 | 3.2% |
| Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians17-3023 | $78,190 | Associate's degree | None | None | 8,100 | 2.4% |
| Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians17-3024 | $73,900 | Associate's degree | None | None | 1,400 | 2.6% |
| Environmental engineering technologists and technicians17-3025 | $59,920 | Associate's degree | None | None | 1,100 | 3.1% |
| Industrial engineering technologists and technicians17-3026 | $66,120 | Associate's degree | None | None | 6,600 | 3.1% |
| Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians17-3027 | $74,510 | Associate's degree | None | None | 3,100 | 1.3% |
| Calibration technologists and technicians17-3028 | $67,820 | Associate's degree | None | None | 1,500 | 4.8% |
| Engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, all other17-3029 | $78,350 | Associate's degree | None | None | 5,400 | 2.8% |
| Surveying and mapping technicians17-3031 | $54,240 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,900 | 5.8% |
| Animal scientists19-1011 | $68,940 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 200 | 5.8% |
| Food scientists and technologists19-1012 | $88,720 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,000 | 6.2% |
| Soil and plant scientists19-1013 | $78,850 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,400 | 6.7% |
| Biochemists and biophysicists19-1021 | $127,410 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 2,900 | 12.3% |
| Microbiologists19-1022 | $87,990 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,500 | 6.2% |
| Zoologists and wildlife biologists19-1023 | $76,780 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,400 | 3.6% |
| Biological scientists, all other19-1029 | $98,920 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,300 | 4.7% |
| Conservation scientists19-1031 | $73,010 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,100 | 5.3% |
| Foresters19-1032 | $76,400 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 900 | 2.2% |
| Epidemiologists19-1041 | $87,220 | Master's degree | None | None | 800 | 18.7% |
| Medical scientists, except epidemiologists19-1042 | $103,410 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 10,500 | 12.6% |
| Life scientists, all other19-1099 | $93,750 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 400 | 6.3% |
| Astronomers19-2011 | $128,820 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 100 | 7.8% |
| Physicists19-2012 | $172,250 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,300 | 7.2% |
| Atmospheric and space scientists19-2021 | $99,070 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 800 | 2.6% |
| Chemists19-2031 | $91,240 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 5,900 | 6.4% |
| Materials scientists19-2032 | $117,790 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 600 | 8.3% |
| Environmental scientists and specialists, including health19-2041 | $82,220 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 7,300 | 6.1% |
| Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers19-2042 | $101,920 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,800 | 5.1% |
| Hydrologists19-2043 | $96,600 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 400 | 1.5% |
| Physical scientists, all other19-2099 | $122,570 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,400 | 2.1% |
| Economists19-3011 | $124,720 | Master's degree | None | None | 1,100 | 4.7% |
| Survey researchers19-3022 | $69,460 | Master's degree | None | None | 600 | -4.8% |
| Industrial-organizational psychologists19-3032 | $193,950 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 300 | 6.5% |
| Clinical and counseling psychologists19-3033 | $100,580 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 4,100 | 11.7% |
| School psychologists19-3034 | $95,990 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 3,400 | 0.8% |
| Psychologists, all other19-3039 | $110,840 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 3,500 | 2.3% |
| Sociologists19-3041 | $106,030 | Master's degree | None | None | 200 | 3.8% |
| Urban and regional planners19-3051 | $89,320 | Master's degree | None | None | 3,200 | 3.9% |
| Anthropologists and archeologists19-3091 | $70,770 | Master's degree | None | None | 800 | 6.0% |
| Geographers19-3092 | $102,040 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 100 | -2.1% |
| Historians19-3093 | $76,750 | Master's degree | None | None | 300 | 3.0% |
| Political scientists19-3094 | $142,080 | Master's degree | None | None | 400 | -2.0% |
| Social scientists and related workers, all other19-3099 | $101,110 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,700 | -0.2% |
| Agricultural technicians19-4012 | $49,630 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,800 | 5.4% |
| Food science technicians19-4013 | $52,130 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,000 | 4.8% |
| Biological technicians19-4021 | $57,510 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 9,400 | 7.4% |
| Chemical technicians19-4031 | $60,390 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 7,600 | 4.9% |
| Environmental science and protection technicians, including health19-4042 | $55,090 | Associate's degree | None | None | 5,300 | 6.9% |
| Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians19-4043 | $53,350 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 3.6% |
| Hydrologic technicians19-4044 | $64,790 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 400 | -1.3% |
| Nuclear technicians19-4051 | $110,240 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | 1.1% |
| Social science research assistants19-4061 | $61,990 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,900 | 5.0% |
| Forest and conservation technicians19-4071 | $54,560 | Associate's degree | None | None | 3,800 | -2.1% |
| Forensic science technicians19-4092 | $72,060 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,800 | 13.3% |
| Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other19-4099 | $62,280 | Associate's degree | None | None | 11,200 | 4.4% |
| Occupational health and safety specialists19-5011 | $90,150 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 17,100 | 18.5% |
| Occupational health and safety technicians19-5012 | $61,560 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,800 | 19.4% |
| Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors21-1012 | $64,330 | Master's degree | None | None | 27,800 | 2.9% |
| Marriage and family therapists21-1013 | $66,940 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 6,900 | 13.5% |
| Rehabilitation counselors21-1015 | $46,850 | Master's degree | None | None | 8,200 | 2.2% |
| Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors21-1018 | $59,350 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 50,500 | 18.4% |
| Counselors, all other21-1019 | $50,860 | Master's degree | None | None | 4,300 | 5.9% |
| Child, family, and school social workers21-1021 | $59,550 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 33,900 | 4.4% |
| Healthcare social workers21-1022 | $67,880 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 16,900 | 8.5% |
| Mental health and substance abuse social workers21-1023 | $60,280 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 12,500 | 10.3% |
| Social workers, all other21-1029 | $71,900 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 5,800 | 2.3% |
| Health education specialists21-1091 | $64,070 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 6,900 | 5.6% |
| Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists21-1092 | $66,270 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 7,900 | 3.0% |
| Social and human service assistants21-1093 | $45,930 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 48,900 | 7.4% |
| Community health workers21-1094 | $51,850 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 7,000 | 12.7% |
| Community and social service specialists, all other21-1099 | $56,730 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 11,600 | 5.5% |
| Clergy21-2011 | $60,810 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 19,200 | 2.4% |
| Directors, religious activities and education21-2021 | $52,100 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 13,000 | 3.3% |
| Religious workers, all other21-2099 | $45,280 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 12,100 | 1.5% |
| Lawyers23-1011 | $159,670 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 28,700 | 4.7% |
| Judicial law clerks23-1012 | $64,920 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,500 | 2.8% |
| Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers23-1021 | $117,860 | Doctoral or professional degree | 5 years or more | Short-term on-the-job training | 500 | 0.0% |
| Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators23-1022 | $75,530 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | 4.7% |
| Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates23-1023 | $153,990 | Doctoral or professional degree | 5 years or more | Short-term on-the-job training | 800 | 2.8% |
| Paralegals and legal assistants23-2011 | $62,890 | Associate's degree | None | None | 40,800 | -0.3% |
| Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers23-2093 | $58,650 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,300 | 2.1% |
| Legal support workers, all other23-2099 | $72,110 | Associate's degree | None | None | 4,700 | -0.3% |
| Business teachers, postsecondary25-1011 | $99,080 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 7,600 | 5.9% |
| Computer science teachers, postsecondary25-1021 | $96,980 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 3,200 | 4.9% |
| Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary25-1022 | $79,940 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 3,900 | 1.7% |
| Architecture teachers, postsecondary25-1031 | $96,870 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 700 | 2.6% |
| Engineering teachers, postsecondary25-1032 | $109,270 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 3,900 | 7.8% |
| Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary25-1041 | $98,700 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 800 | 2.9% |
| Biological science teachers, postsecondary25-1042 | $84,620 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 4,700 | 7.3% |
| Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary25-1043 | $101,420 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 100 | 2.8% |
| Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary25-1051 | $103,170 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 800 | 2.4% |
| Chemistry teachers, postsecondary25-1052 | $93,250 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,700 | 2.3% |
| Environmental science teachers, postsecondary25-1053 | $94,980 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 600 | 2.7% |
| Physics teachers, postsecondary25-1054 | $100,310 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,100 | 2.4% |
| Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary25-1061 | $99,650 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 400 | 2.6% |
| Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary25-1062 | $85,020 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,000 | 2.7% |
| Economics teachers, postsecondary25-1063 | $123,920 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,000 | 2.4% |
| Geography teachers, postsecondary25-1064 | $97,590 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 300 | 2.7% |
| Political science teachers, postsecondary25-1065 | $98,070 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,500 | 2.5% |
| Psychology teachers, postsecondary25-1066 | $80,340 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 3,700 | 4.0% |
| Sociology teachers, postsecondary25-1067 | $84,290 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,000 | 2.2% |
| Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other25-1069 | $72,990 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,300 | 1.6% |
| Health specialties teachers, postsecondary25-1071 | $107,310 | Doctoral or professional degree | Less than 5 years | None | 24,900 | 17.9% |
| Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary25-1072 | $80,250 | Doctoral or professional degree | Less than 5 years | None | 8,500 | 17.1% |
| Education teachers, postsecondary25-1081 | $75,350 | Doctoral or professional degree | Less than 5 years | None | 5,300 | 2.5% |
| Library science teachers, postsecondary25-1082 | $80,340 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 300 | 2.7% |
| Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary25-1111 | $76,590 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,100 | 1.5% |
| Law teachers, postsecondary25-1112 | $128,500 | Doctoral or professional degree | Less than 5 years | None | 1,800 | 2.6% |
| Social work teachers, postsecondary25-1113 | $77,570 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,100 | 2.6% |
| Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary25-1121 | $78,620 | Master's degree | None | None | 8,000 | 2.2% |
| Communications teachers, postsecondary25-1122 | $78,580 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 2,400 | 2.1% |
| English language and literature teachers, postsecondary25-1123 | $78,760 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 4,500 | 0.0% |
| Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary25-1124 | $79,350 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,600 | 0.2% |
| History teachers, postsecondary25-1125 | $83,820 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,500 | 0.0% |
| Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary25-1126 | $80,260 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,800 | 2.0% |
| Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary25-1192 | $75,870 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 200 | 2.4% |
| Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary25-1193 | $77,270 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 1,000 | 2.2% |
| Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary25-1194 | $63,820 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 8,000 | -0.3% |
| Postsecondary teachers, all other25-1199 | $77,640 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 12,500 | 2.0% |
| Preschool teachers, except special education25-2011 | $38,140 | Associate's degree | None | None | 66,700 | 4.5% |
| Kindergarten teachers, except special education25-2012 | $62,680 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 11,900 | -0.3% |
| Elementary school teachers, except special education25-2021 | $63,970 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 87,500 | -0.4% |
| Middle school teachers, except special and career/technical education25-2022 | $64,370 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 38,800 | -0.4% |
| Career/technical education teachers, middle school25-2023 | $65,030 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 1,000 | -0.5% |
| Secondary school teachers, except special and career/technical education25-2031 | $72,040 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 63,500 | -0.2% |
| Career/technical education teachers, secondary school25-2032 | $66,270 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 6,400 | -0.4% |
| Special education teachers, preschool25-2051 | $64,830 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,000 | 2.4% |
| Special education teachers, kindergarten and elementary school25-2052 | $65,120 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 16,400 | -0.4% |
| Special education teachers, middle school25-2057 | $66,810 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 6,000 | -0.4% |
| Special education teachers, secondary school25-2058 | $74,260 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 10,400 | -0.2% |
| Special education teachers, all other25-2059 | $76,580 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,300 | 1.9% |
| Adult basic education, adult secondary education, and english as a second language instructors25-3011 | $61,540 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,800 | -13.9% |
| Self-enrichment teachers25-3021 | $46,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 50,000 | 3.5% |
| Substitute teachers, short-term25-3031 | $41,670 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 65,000 | 2.0% |
| Tutors25-3041 | $43,350 | Some college, no degree | None | None | 34,200 | -0.2% |
| Teachers and instructors, all other25-3099 | $66,140 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 15,700 | -0.2% |
| Archivists25-4011 | $64,550 | Master's degree | None | None | 1,100 | 3.4% |
| Curators25-4012 | $63,420 | Master's degree | None | None | 1,600 | 4.9% |
| Museum technicians and conservators25-4013 | $51,440 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,600 | 3.6% |
| Librarians and media collections specialists25-4022 | $68,270 | Master's degree | None | None | 12,600 | 2.6% |
| Library technicians25-4031 | $44,580 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 10,800 | -6.4% |
| Farm and home management educators25-9021 | $60,220 | Master's degree | None | None | 800 | -3.2% |
| Instructional coordinators25-9031 | $77,440 | Master's degree | 5 years or more | None | 23,100 | 1.6% |
| Teaching assistants, postsecondary25-9044 | $42,910 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 25,700 | 2.7% |
| Teaching assistants, except postsecondary25-9045 | $36,780 | Some college, no degree | None | None | 176,200 | -0.3% |
| Educational instruction and library workers, all other25-9099 | $50,890 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 12,700 | 1.8% |
| Art directors27-1011 | $114,850 | Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None | 12,200 | 4.2% |
| Craft artists27-1012 | $46,080 | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 2.0% |
| Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators27-1013 | $55,490 | Bachelor's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | -2.9% |
| Special effects artists and animators27-1014 | $102,030 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 4,200 | -0.3% |
| Artists and related workers, all other27-1019 | $71,240 | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,100 | 2.0% |
| Commercial and industrial designers27-1021 | $83,910 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,800 | 2.4% |
| Fashion designers27-1022 | $80,960 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,500 | 0.1% |
| Floral designers27-1023 | $37,360 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,200 | -5.6% |
| Graphic designers27-1024 | $62,960 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 16,000 | -1.7% |
| Interior designers27-1025 | $67,190 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 7,700 | 2.7% |
| Merchandise displayers and window trimmers27-1026 | $39,390 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 17,200 | 2.7% |
| Set and exhibit designers27-1027 | $75,240 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,200 | 1.4% |
| Designers, all other27-1029 | $64,950 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,100 | 1.2% |
| Actors27-2011 | Not available | Some college, no degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 6,300 | 0.0% |
| Producers and directors27-2012 | $90,360 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 12,100 | 4.0% |
| Athletes and sports competitors27-2021 | $66,710 | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | 5.5% |
| Coaches and scouts27-2022 | $47,320 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 36,400 | 6.1% |
| Umpires, referees, and other sports officials27-2023 | $40,710 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,300 | 5.2% |
| Dancers27-2031 | Not available | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,600 | 2.2% |
| Choreographers27-2032 | $55,310 | High school diploma or equivalent | 5 years or more | Long-term on-the-job training | 600 | 3.1% |
| Music directors and composers27-2041 | $73,710 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 4,200 | 1.2% |
| Musicians and singers27-2042 | Not available | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 17,400 | 0.3% |
| Disc jockeys, except radio27-2091 | Not available | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | 3.8% |
| Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other27-2099 | Not available | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,500 | 4.7% |
| Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys27-3011 | $47,340 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,000 | -7.6% |
| News analysts, reporters, and journalists27-3023 | $62,200 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,400 | -5.9% |
| Public relations specialists27-3031 | $74,750 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 23,000 | 1.8% |
| Editors27-3041 | $77,920 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 7,900 | -1.1% |
| Technical writers27-3042 | $90,390 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,200 | 0.8% |
| Writers and authors27-3043 | $76,910 | Bachelor's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 11,900 | -0.3% |
| Interpreters and translators27-3091 | $60,170 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 6,000 | 2.0% |
| Court reporters and simultaneous captioners27-3092 | $72,420 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,800 | -0.1% |
| Media and communication workers, all other27-3099 | $73,620 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,000 | 3.9% |
| Audio and video technicians27-4011 | $58,100 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 6,600 | 3.9% |
| Broadcast technicians27-4012 | $59,570 | Associate's degree | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,600 | -3.1% |
| Sound engineering technicians27-4014 | $73,130 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | -3.1% |
| Lighting technicians27-4015 | $68,060 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 600 | -4.8% |
| Photographers27-4021 | $44,660 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 10,700 | -0.7% |
| Camera operators, television, video, and film27-4031 | $74,990 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 2,500 | 1.3% |
| Film and video editors27-4032 | $75,420 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,100 | 3.7% |
| Media and communication equipment workers, all other27-4099 | $70,720 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 1.6% |
| Chiropractors29-1011 | $79,200 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 2,600 | 8.7% |
| Dentists, general29-1021 | $170,950 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 4,200 | 5.7% |
| Oral and maxillofacial surgeons29-1022 | $352,220 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 200 | 5.6% |
| Orthodontists29-1023 | $289,140 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 200 | 6.0% |
| Prosthodontists29-1024 | $311,180 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 0 | 5.8% |
| Dentists, all other specialists29-1029 | $224,990 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 100 | 1.3% |
| Dietitians and nutritionists29-1031 | $76,400 | Bachelor's degree | None | Internship/residency | 5,700 | 7.7% |
| Optometrists29-1041 | $136,570 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 2,000 | 9.5% |
| Pharmacists29-1051 | $140,910 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 12,500 | 5.2% |
| Physician assistants29-1071 | $135,880 | Master's degree | None | None | 11,500 | 21.1% |
| Podiatrists29-1081 | $160,300 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 200 | 2.0% |
| Occupational therapists29-1122 | $100,330 | Master's degree | None | None | 10,000 | 14.8% |
| Physical therapists29-1123 | $102,760 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 13,400 | 11.9% |
| Radiation therapists29-1124 | $105,310 | Associate's degree | None | None | 700 | 2.8% |
| Recreational therapists29-1125 | $61,960 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,400 | 4.8% |
| Respiratory therapists29-1126 | $82,280 | Associate's degree | None | None | 8,600 | 8.5% |
| Speech-language pathologists29-1127 | $97,870 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 12,500 | 16.6% |
| Exercise physiologists29-1128 | $59,460 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,400 | 12.8% |
| Therapists, all other29-1129 | $77,930 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 3,600 | 12.6% |
| Veterinarians29-1131 | $130,100 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 3,100 | 9.4% |
| Registered nurses29-1141 | $97,550 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 180,800 | 5.6% |
| Nurse anesthetists29-1151 | $236,590 | Master's degree | None | None | 2,400 | 9.7% |
| Nurse midwives29-1161 | $134,040 | Master's degree | None | None | 400 | 11.5% |
| Nurse practitioners29-1171 | $132,300 | Master's degree | None | None | 29,400 | 41.0% |
| Audiologists29-1181 | $95,780 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | None | 600 | 11.0% |
| Anesthesiologists29-1211 | $391,490 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 1,100 | 3.6% |
| Cardiologists29-1212 | $496,010 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 500 | 4.8% |
| Dermatologists29-1213 | $328,730 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 400 | 6.8% |
| Emergency medicine physicians29-1214 | $335,550 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 900 | 3.2% |
| Family medicine physicians29-1215 | $244,180 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 2,900 | 3.3% |
| General internal medicine physicians29-1216 | $256,560 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 1,900 | 4.0% |
| Neurologists29-1217 | $248,560 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 300 | 6.4% |
| Obstetricians and gynecologists29-1218 | $292,910 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 500 | 1.7% |
| Pediatricians, general29-1221 | $210,040 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 1,000 | 1.5% |
| Physicians, pathologists29-1222 | $312,400 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 300 | 4.8% |
| Psychiatrists29-1223 | $281,870 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 900 | 7.2% |
| Radiologists29-1224 | $420,860 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 700 | 3.4% |
| Physicians, all other29-1229 | $265,930 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 9,400 | 3.4% |
| Ophthalmologists, except pediatric29-1241 | $300,080 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 200 | 4.5% |
| Orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric29-1242 | $358,550 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 400 | 4.0% |
| Pediatric surgeons29-1243 | $559,030 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 0 | 2.0% |
| Surgeons, all other29-1249 | $414,010 | Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency | 700 | 4.0% |
| Acupuncturists29-1291 | $76,040 | Master's degree | None | None | 800 | 8.6% |
| Dental hygienists29-1292 | $98,100 | Associate's degree | None | None | 15,000 | 8.0% |
| Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other29-1299 | $115,210 | Master's degree | None | None | 1,900 | 5.5% |
| Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians29-2010 | $62,930 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 20,800 | 2.7% |
| Cardiovascular technologists and technicians29-2031 | $74,310 | Associate's degree | None | None | 3,400 | 3.7% |
| Diagnostic medical sonographers29-2032 | $96,590 | Associate's degree | None | None | 6,000 | 13.9% |
| Nuclear medicine technologists29-2033 | $101,370 | Associate's degree | None | None | 800 | 4.4% |
| Radiologic technologists and technicians29-2034 | $80,110 | Associate's degree | None | None | 13,000 | 5.0% |
| Magnetic resonance imaging technologists29-2035 | $95,480 | Associate's degree | Less than 5 years | None | 2,300 | 7.7% |
| Medical dosimetrists29-2036 | $147,470 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 200 | 5.0% |
| Emergency medical technicians29-2042 | $44,470 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 13,800 | 5.8% |
| Paramedics29-2043 | $60,600 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | None | 4,300 | 5.7% |
| Dietetic technicians29-2051 | $37,640 | Associate's degree | None | None | 4,200 | 2.7% |
| Pharmacy technicians29-2052 | $45,750 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 44,700 | 6.4% |
| Psychiatric technicians29-2053 | $45,130 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | Short-term on-the-job training | 17,000 | 22.3% |
| Surgical technologists29-2055 | $64,650 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 7,100 | 5.0% |
| Veterinary technologists and technicians29-2056 | $47,380 | Associate's degree | None | None | 13,400 | 9.4% |
| Ophthalmic medical technicians29-2057 | $45,570 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 11,800 | 21.4% |
| Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses29-2061 | $64,400 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 51,800 | 3.0% |
| Medical records specialists29-2072 | $51,140 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 14,000 | 7.8% |
| Opticians, dispensing29-2081 | $47,260 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 5,600 | 4.2% |
| Orthotists and prosthetists29-2091 | $81,110 | Master's degree | None | Internship/residency | 700 | 12.9% |
| Hearing aid specialists29-2092 | $65,160 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | 19.4% |
| Health technologists and technicians, all other29-2099 | $50,290 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 12,400 | 5.9% |
| Health information technologists and medical registrars29-9021 | $68,020 | Associate's degree | None | None | 3,000 | 15.9% |
| Athletic trainers29-9091 | $62,520 | Master's degree | None | None | 2,400 | 12.7% |
| Genetic counselors29-9092 | $100,040 | Master's degree | None | None | 300 | 10.4% |
| Surgical assistants29-9093 | $66,800 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 1,400 | 6.1% |
| Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other29-9099 | $65,790 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 2,200 | 5.1% |
| Home health and personal care aides31-1120 | $35,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 760,500 | 18.1% |
| Nursing assistants31-1131 | $42,260 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 196,200 | 2.6% |
| Orderlies31-1132 | $38,290 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 7,200 | 4.0% |
| Psychiatric aides31-1133 | $44,910 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,900 | 1.9% |
| Occupational therapy assistants31-2011 | $72,300 | Associate's degree | None | None | 8,100 | 21.5% |
| Occupational therapy aides31-2012 | $39,160 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 600 | 3.6% |
| Physical therapist assistants31-2021 | $68,380 | Associate's degree | None | None | 18,500 | 23.0% |
| Physical therapist aides31-2022 | $35,240 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 6,400 | 4.0% |
| Massage therapists31-9011 | $58,450 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 20,400 | 15.3% |
| Dental assistants31-9091 | $48,070 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 53,000 | 7.4% |
| Medical assistants31-9092 | $45,690 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 109,700 | 12.9% |
| Medical equipment preparers31-9093 | $47,700 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 10,700 | 10.8% |
| Medical transcriptionists31-9094 | $40,410 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 6,200 | -4.4% |
| Pharmacy aides31-9095 | $37,680 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 5,100 | -0.7% |
| Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers31-9096 | $38,150 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 23,200 | 9.1% |
| Phlebotomists31-9097 | $45,230 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 18,000 | 6.8% |
| Healthcare support workers, all other31-9099 | $48,430 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | None | 14,100 | 4.8% |
| First-line supervisors of correctional officers33-1011 | $77,970 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 3,700 | -2.5% |
| First-line supervisors of police and detectives33-1012 | $106,040 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 10,600 | 3.3% |
| First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers33-1021 | $93,530 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,600 | 3.7% |
| First-line supervisors of security workers33-1091 | $55,940 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 6,800 | 3.7% |
| First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other33-1099 | $76,400 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 1,700 | 1.9% |
| Firefighters33-2011 | $59,280 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 26,800 | 3.7% |
| Fire inspectors and investigators33-2021 | $75,920 | Postsecondary nondegree award | 5 years or more | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,600 | 4.2% |
| Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists33-2022 | $56,870 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 400 | 13.1% |
| Bailiffs33-3011 | $56,600 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,600 | -1.9% |
| Correctional officers and jailers33-3012 | $58,940 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 28,400 | -7.4% |
| Detectives and criminal investigators33-3021 | $93,790 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 7,800 | 0.2% |
| Fish and game wardens33-3031 | $74,060 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 500 | -5.7% |
| Parking enforcement workers33-3041 | $46,730 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 800 | -1.1% |
| Police and sheriff's patrol officers33-3051 | $76,210 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 51,500 | 3.5% |
| Transit and railroad police33-3052 | $90,230 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | 3.2% |
| Animal control workers33-9011 | $45,660 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,500 | 4.0% |
| Private detectives and investigators33-9021 | $51,220 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,200 | 5.5% |
| Gambling surveillance officers and gambling investigators33-9031 | $43,370 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,100 | -1.8% |
| Security guards33-9032 | $38,020 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 156,000 | 0.9% |
| Crossing guards and flaggers33-9091 | $38,100 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 17,300 | 3.5% |
| Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers33-9092 | $33,580 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 45,400 | 5.5% |
| Transportation security screeners33-9093 | $66,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,500 | -4.2% |
| School bus monitors33-9094 | $35,100 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 13,400 | -1.9% |
| Protective service workers, all other33-9099 | $42,540 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 22,600 | 3.0% |
| Chefs and head cooks35-1011 | $62,470 | High school diploma or equivalent | 5 years or more | None | 25,200 | 6.6% |
| First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers35-1012 | $44,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 171,500 | 5.4% |
| Cooks, fast food35-2011 | $30,890 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 86,400 | 0.6% |
| Cooks, institution and cafeteria35-2012 | $37,450 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 62,900 | 2.8% |
| Cooks, private household35-2013 | $47,940 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | None | 5,000 | 5.1% |
| Cooks, restaurant35-2014 | $37,390 | No formal educational credential | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 218,600 | 12.1% |
| Cooks, short order35-2015 | $35,880 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 17,400 | -5.2% |
| Cooks, all other35-2019 | $37,690 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,800 | 5.2% |
| Food preparation workers35-2021 | $35,320 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 135,700 | -3.0% |
| Bartenders35-3011 | $34,340 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 121,200 | 5.0% |
| Fast food and counter workers35-3023 | $31,200 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 827,400 | 5.8% |
| Waiters and waitresses35-3031 | $35,230 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 423,100 | 2.0% |
| Food servers, nonrestaurant35-3041 | $35,360 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 48,800 | 4.5% |
| Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers35-9011 | $33,980 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 95,300 | 5.3% |
| Dishwashers35-9021 | $34,810 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 68,900 | -1.0% |
| Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop35-9031 | $31,200 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 107,100 | 3.4% |
| Food preparation and serving related workers, all other35-9099 | $35,840 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 11,800 | 5.5% |
| First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers37-1011 | $49,100 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 30,800 | 3.2% |
| First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers37-1012 | $58,430 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 23,900 | 4.0% |
| Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners37-2011 | $36,840 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 321,800 | 2.2% |
| Maids and housekeeping cleaners37-2012 | $35,510 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 175,500 | 0.6% |
| Building cleaning workers, all other37-2019 | $44,040 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,500 | 2.0% |
| Pest control workers37-2021 | $45,250 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 13,700 | 5.5% |
| Landscaping and groundskeeping workers37-3011 | $39,150 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 149,500 | 4.7% |
| Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation37-3012 | $46,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,300 | 3.9% |
| Tree trimmers and pruners37-3013 | $50,960 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 7,900 | 4.2% |
| Grounds maintenance workers, all other37-3019 | $46,860 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,800 | 3.7% |
| First-line supervisors of gambling services workers39-1013 | $63,820 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 2,600 | 3.5% |
| First-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers, except gambling services39-1014 | $48,560 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 10,600 | 5.3% |
| First-line supervisors of personal service workers39-1022 | $48,590 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 12,000 | 6.3% |
| Animal trainers39-2011 | $39,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,500 | 4.2% |
| Animal caretakers39-2021 | $35,360 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 62,800 | 12.1% |
| Gambling dealers39-3011 | $34,320 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 13,300 | 3.4% |
| Gambling and sports book writers and runners39-3012 | $34,980 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | 1.8% |
| Gambling service workers, all other39-3019 | $36,310 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | 4.2% |
| Motion picture projectionists39-3021 | $38,270 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 300 | -6.2% |
| Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers39-3031 | $32,910 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 27,300 | 0.9% |
| Amusement and recreation attendants39-3091 | $32,150 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 100,400 | 3.7% |
| Costume attendants39-3092 | $50,400 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | 5.9% |
| Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants39-3093 | $36,300 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,000 | 6.4% |
| Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other39-3099 | $32,640 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,800 | 4.0% |
| Embalmers39-4011 | $58,780 | Associate's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 700 | 0.7% |
| Crematory operators39-4012 | $43,650 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 500 | 3.1% |
| Funeral attendants39-4021 | $35,680 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 5,400 | 2.6% |
| Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers39-4031 | $55,010 | Associate's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 3,000 | 3.0% |
| Barbers39-5011 | $38,210 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 6,900 | 3.3% |
| Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists39-5012 | $35,790 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 73,400 | 7.7% |
| Makeup artists, theatrical and performance39-5091 | $97,150 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 600 | 6.1% |
| Manicurists and pedicurists39-5092 | $35,760 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 21,900 | 9.2% |
| Shampooers39-5093 | $32,600 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | 5.6% |
| Skincare specialists39-5094 | $45,330 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 14,200 | 8.8% |
| Baggage porters and bellhops39-6011 | $37,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,800 | -3.0% |
| Concierges39-6012 | $38,950 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,900 | 2.6% |
| Tour and travel guides39-7010 | $38,120 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,900 | 6.3% |
| Childcare workers39-9011 | $34,980 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 150,300 | -2.0% |
| Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors39-9031 | $47,160 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 68,000 | 7.3% |
| Recreation workers39-9032 | $36,560 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 67,000 | 4.3% |
| Residential advisors39-9041 | $42,240 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 16,500 | 3.5% |
| Personal care and service workers, all other39-9099 | $41,600 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 14,400 | 5.9% |
| First-line supervisors of retail sales workers41-1011 | $48,520 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 113,500 | -3.7% |
| First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers41-1012 | $87,520 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 21,700 | 0.5% |
| Cashiers41-2011 | $32,880 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 521,300 | -6.5% |
| Gambling change persons and booth cashiers41-2012 | $36,220 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,900 | -1.9% |
| Counter and rental clerks41-2021 | $41,300 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 46,100 | 3.0% |
| Parts salespersons41-2022 | $38,630 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 30,000 | 3.0% |
| Retail salespersons41-2031 | $35,410 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 520,600 | -0.3% |
| Advertising sales agents41-3011 | $64,820 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 7,800 | -7.2% |
| Insurance sales agents41-3021 | $62,280 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 43,100 | 3.3% |
| Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents41-3031 | $78,660 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 35,100 | 1.4% |
| Travel agents41-3041 | $50,160 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,900 | 0.2% |
| Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel41-3091 | $69,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 115,700 | 2.7% |
| Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products41-4011 | $104,920 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 23,600 | 1.2% |
| Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products41-4012 | $72,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 99,800 | -0.9% |
| Demonstrators and product promoters41-9011 | $39,320 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 11,400 | 0.2% |
| Models41-9012 | $48,470 | No formal educational credential | None | None | 700 | -2.1% |
| Real estate brokers41-9021 | $73,220 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 7,800 | 0.8% |
| Real estate sales agents41-9022 | $52,830 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 32,600 | 1.7% |
| Sales engineers41-9031 | $124,900 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,800 | 2.8% |
| Telemarketers41-9041 | $35,450 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 5,800 | -21.4% |
| Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers41-9091 | $41,380 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,800 | -10.4% |
| Sales and related workers, all other41-9099 | $48,280 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | None | 13,100 | 1.1% |
| First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers43-1011 | $69,500 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 127,400 | 0.1% |
| Switchboard operators, including answering service43-2011 | $38,630 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,100 | -26.0% |
| Telephone operators43-2021 | $41,740 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 200 | -27.6% |
| Communications equipment operators, all other43-2099 | $54,680 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 100 | 1.0% |
| Bill and account collectors43-3011 | $47,030 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,200 | -10.4% |
| Billing and posting clerks43-3021 | $48,500 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 37,000 | -0.1% |
| Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks43-3031 | $50,670 | Some college, no degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 144,100 | -5.6% |
| Gambling cage workers43-3041 | $37,580 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,200 | -3.1% |
| Payroll and timekeeping clerks43-3051 | $58,260 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,400 | -15.9% |
| Procurement clerks43-3061 | $50,580 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,700 | -8.1% |
| Tellers43-3071 | $43,030 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 26,800 | -13.2% |
| Financial clerks, all other43-3099 | $53,830 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,400 | 0.0% |
| Brokerage clerks43-4011 | $65,750 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,400 | -7.6% |
| Correspondence clerks43-4021 | $46,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 500 | -5.6% |
| Court, municipal, and license clerks43-4031 | $48,700 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 17,100 | 3.4% |
| Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks43-4041 | $50,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | -7.4% |
| Customer service representatives43-4051 | $44,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 289,500 | -5.3% |
| Eligibility interviewers, government programs43-4061 | $54,210 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 12,700 | 1.6% |
| File clerks43-4071 | $43,600 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 5,600 | -15.8% |
| Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks43-4081 | $35,070 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 35,500 | 1.8% |
| Interviewers, except eligibility and loan43-4111 | $45,920 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 13,200 | -10.4% |
| Library assistants, clerical43-4121 | $36,910 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 12,300 | -6.4% |
| Loan interviewers and clerks43-4131 | $50,020 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 10,500 | -2.4% |
| New accounts clerks43-4141 | $47,670 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | -6.5% |
| Order clerks43-4151 | $46,170 | Some college, no degree | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 6,300 | -17.5% |
| Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping43-4161 | $50,610 | Associate's degree | None | None | 7,900 | -6.2% |
| Receptionists and information clerks43-4171 | $38,010 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 105,100 | -1.7% |
| Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks43-4181 | $44,390 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 11,800 | 2.5% |
| Information and record clerks, all other43-4199 | $49,500 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 15,000 | 0.8% |
| Cargo and freight agents43-5011 | $52,260 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 9,000 | 6.2% |
| Couriers and messengers43-5021 | $39,200 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 23,800 | 8.0% |
| Public safety telecommunicators43-5031 | $53,040 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 9,000 | 3.7% |
| Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance43-5032 | $50,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 16,000 | -0.7% |
| Meter readers, utilities43-5041 | $48,150 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | -10.5% |
| Postal service clerks43-5051 | $62,130 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 5,300 | -0.3% |
| Postal service mail carriers43-5052 | $60,550 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 19,600 | -0.3% |
| Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators43-5053 | $58,470 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 7,300 | -5.3% |
| Production, planning, and expediting clerks43-5061 | $59,650 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 32,600 | -1.3% |
| Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks43-5071 | $45,260 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 61,300 | -7.6% |
| Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping43-5111 | $46,380 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,700 | -4.8% |
| Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants43-6011 | $76,590 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 43,300 | 0.0% |
| Legal secretaries and administrative assistants43-6012 | $55,570 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 18,100 | -5.2% |
| Medical secretaries and administrative assistants43-6013 | $45,930 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 89,200 | 4.8% |
| Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive43-6014 | $47,540 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 163,900 | -6.0% |
| Data entry keyers43-9021 | $41,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 7,700 | -25.5% |
| Word processors and typists43-9022 | $49,280 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,900 | -34.4% |
| Desktop publishers43-9031 | $55,290 | Associate's degree | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 300 | -14.5% |
| Insurance claims and policy processing clerks43-9041 | $49,230 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 17,500 | -1.9% |
| Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service43-9051 | $39,280 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,700 | -7.2% |
| Office clerks, general43-9061 | $45,010 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 249,000 | -6.0% |
| Office machine operators, except computer43-9071 | $40,960 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,100 | -14.9% |
| Proofreaders and copy markers43-9081 | $51,120 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 1,100 | -0.9% |
| Statistical assistants43-9111 | $50,330 | Bachelor's degree | None | None | 500 | -1.8% |
| Office and administrative support workers, all other43-9199 | $45,670 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 19,100 | -7.3% |
| First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers45-1011 | $59,320 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 7,200 | 3.8% |
| Agricultural inspectors45-2011 | $49,940 | Bachelor's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,500 | 2.3% |
| Animal breeders45-2021 | $51,130 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 3.0% |
| Graders and sorters, agricultural products45-2041 | $35,730 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 5,800 | -3.4% |
| Agricultural equipment operators45-2091 | $41,730 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 10,100 | 8.6% |
| Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse45-2092 | $35,660 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 72,500 | -2.4% |
| Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals45-2093 | $36,670 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 26,600 | -3.2% |
| Agricultural workers, all other45-2099 | $39,850 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | 3.8% |
| Fishing and hunting workers45-3031 | Not available | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,300 | -4.2% |
| Forest and conservation workers45-4011 | $43,680 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | -1.5% |
| Fallers45-4021 | $52,100 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 500 | -9.9% |
| Logging equipment operators45-4022 | $49,740 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,700 | -3.8% |
| Log graders and scalers45-4023 | $46,330 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 600 | -2.2% |
| Logging workers, all other45-4029 | $50,840 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | -7.6% |
| First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers47-1011 | $79,920 | High school diploma or equivalent | 5 years or more | None | 67,000 | 5.0% |
| Boilermakers47-2011 | $76,410 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 700 | -1.8% |
| Brickmasons and blockmasons47-2021 | $62,120 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 4,100 | 1.1% |
| Stonemasons47-2022 | $57,390 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 500 | -5.4% |
| Carpenters47-2031 | $60,580 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 62,800 | 3.9% |
| Carpet installers47-2041 | $50,340 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 700 | -16.4% |
| Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles47-2042 | $56,460 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | 9.0% |
| Floor sanders and finishers47-2043 | $50,440 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | 1.4% |
| Tile and stone setters47-2044 | $55,690 | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 3,300 | 9.8% |
| Cement masons and concrete finishers47-2051 | $57,020 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 13,600 | 1.6% |
| Terrazzo workers and finishers47-2053 | $76,170 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 100 | -13.0% |
| Construction laborers47-2061 | $47,120 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 120,000 | 7.3% |
| Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators47-2071 | $53,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,100 | -0.9% |
| Pile driver operators47-2072 | $73,300 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 200 | -5.7% |
| Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators47-2073 | $59,850 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 39,200 | 4.6% |
| Drywall and ceiling tile installers47-2081 | $58,930 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,600 | 2.5% |
| Tapers47-2082 | $68,270 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | -1.6% |
| Electricians47-2111 | $63,190 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 72,700 | 9.2% |
| Glaziers47-2121 | $57,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 3,900 | 1.9% |
| Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall47-2131 | $49,120 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,000 | 2.4% |
| Insulation workers, mechanical47-2132 | $58,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 1,800 | 5.1% |
| Painters, construction and maintenance47-2141 | $49,400 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 24,900 | 3.0% |
| Paperhangers47-2142 | $52,140 | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 200 | 4.3% |
| Pipelayers47-2151 | $49,000 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,100 | -3.1% |
| Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters47-2152 | $63,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 42,000 | 6.8% |
| Plasterers and stucco masons47-2161 | $57,660 | No formal educational credential | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,500 | 2.8% |
| Reinforcing iron and rebar workers47-2171 | $58,970 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 1,000 | -5.3% |
| Roofers47-2181 | $55,440 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 12,000 | 5.3% |
| Sheet metal workers47-2211 | $61,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 9,800 | 2.5% |
| Structural iron and steel workers47-2221 | $62,780 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 5,900 | 3.1% |
| Solar photovoltaic installers47-2231 | $53,140 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,200 | 36.5% |
| Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters47-3011 | $47,550 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,100 | -11.7% |
| Helpers--carpenters47-3012 | $43,780 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,000 | -1.7% |
| Helpers--electricians47-3013 | $42,670 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 6,100 | 0.6% |
| Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons47-3014 | $40,470 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 700 | 1.5% |
| Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters47-3015 | $42,360 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,400 | 2.4% |
| Helpers--roofers47-3016 | $44,160 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 600 | -0.1% |
| Helpers, construction trades, all other47-3019 | $42,670 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | -1.0% |
| Construction and building inspectors47-4011 | $74,690 | High school diploma or equivalent | 5 years or more | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 14,800 | 0.0% |
| Elevator and escalator installers and repairers47-4021 | $109,910 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 1,900 | 5.7% |
| Fence erectors47-4031 | $47,980 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,500 | 5.6% |
| Hazardous materials removal workers47-4041 | $49,450 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,300 | 1.5% |
| Highway maintenance workers47-4051 | $50,260 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,800 | 3.4% |
| Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators47-4061 | $70,070 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,200 | 1.5% |
| Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners47-4071 | $49,880 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,800 | 7.8% |
| Miscellaneous construction and related workers47-4090 | $49,910 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,400 | 3.9% |
| Derrick operators, oil and gas47-5011 | $58,620 | No formal educational credential | Less than 5 years | Short-term on-the-job training | 900 | 1.6% |
| Rotary drill operators, oil and gas47-5012 | $67,890 | No formal educational credential | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,100 | 0.8% |
| Service unit operators, oil and gas47-5013 | $58,160 | No formal educational credential | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,800 | 1.1% |
| Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining47-5022 | $57,430 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,400 | 1.0% |
| Earth drillers, except oil and gas47-5023 | $60,190 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | 3.6% |
| Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters47-5032 | $61,390 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Long-term on-the-job training | 400 | 0.0% |
| Continuous mining machine operators47-5041 | $61,810 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | 3.2% |
| Roof bolters, mining47-5043 | $78,540 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | -18.9% |
| Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining47-5044 | $74,500 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 400 | -15.8% |
| Underground mining machine operators, all other47-5049 | $70,130 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | -1.0% |
| Rock splitters, quarry47-5051 | $48,740 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 400 | 5.8% |
| Roustabouts, oil and gas47-5071 | $46,960 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,100 | 3.6% |
| Helpers--extraction workers47-5081 | $47,730 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 700 | 1.7% |
| Extraction workers, all other47-5099 | $57,010 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 600 | 3.4% |
| First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers49-1011 | $79,860 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 48,900 | 4.1% |
| Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers49-2011 | $47,810 | Some college, no degree | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 6,100 | -3.0% |
| Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers49-2021 | $63,520 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 1.2% |
| Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers49-2022 | $63,890 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,300 | -3.3% |
| Avionics technicians49-2091 | $82,280 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 1,700 | 9.4% |
| Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers49-2092 | $56,210 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | 4.4% |
| Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment49-2093 | $84,890 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 500 | 5.4% |
| Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment49-2094 | $74,090 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 4,700 | 0.3% |
| Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay49-2095 | $103,020 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,800 | 9.7% |
| Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles49-2096 | $48,420 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 400 | -14.5% |
| Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers49-2097 | $52,600 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | 4.8% |
| Security and fire alarm systems installers49-2098 | $60,070 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 8,500 | 6.8% |
| Aircraft mechanics and service technicians49-3011 | $79,870 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 11,400 | 5.4% |
| Automotive body and related repairers49-3021 | $54,890 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 12,600 | 3.7% |
| Automotive glass installers and repairers49-3022 | $47,630 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | 5.7% |
| Automotive service technicians and mechanics49-3023 | $50,620 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 66,200 | 5.0% |
| Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists49-3031 | $61,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 24,400 | 3.6% |
| Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians49-3041 | $56,550 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 3,700 | 10.7% |
| Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines49-3042 | $65,510 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 15,000 | 6.7% |
| Rail car repairers49-3043 | $67,530 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,600 | 2.6% |
| Motorboat mechanics and service technicians49-3051 | $57,550 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 2,600 | 4.9% |
| Motorcycle mechanics49-3052 | $48,580 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | 2.1% |
| Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics49-3053 | $47,880 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,800 | 2.3% |
| Bicycle repairers49-3091 | $42,780 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,200 | -5.7% |
| Recreational vehicle service technicians49-3092 | $52,000 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | 9.7% |
| Tire repairers and changers49-3093 | $37,710 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 12,900 | 3.4% |
| Mechanical door repairers49-9011 | $55,720 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,100 | 6.4% |
| Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door49-9012 | $74,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,600 | 4.3% |
| Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers49-9021 | $61,010 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 40,600 | 10.9% |
| Home appliance repairers49-9031 | $50,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,800 | 1.9% |
| Industrial machinery mechanics49-9041 | $64,520 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 44,400 | 17.8% |
| Maintenance workers, machinery49-9043 | $60,850 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 4,400 | -1.9% |
| Millwrights49-9044 | $65,700 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 3,200 | 0.9% |
| Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons49-9045 | $61,290 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | -13.7% |
| Electrical power-line installers and repairers49-9051 | $95,320 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 10,900 | 10.3% |
| Telecommunications line installers and repairers49-9052 | $74,330 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 8,000 | -3.4% |
| Camera and photographic equipment repairers49-9061 | $52,720 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 100 | -15.5% |
| Medical equipment repairers49-9062 | $61,660 | Associate's degree | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 8,200 | 12.6% |
| Musical instrument repairers and tuners49-9063 | $46,420 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Apprenticeship | 600 | 1.9% |
| Watch and clock repairers49-9064 | $67,230 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 100 | -0.3% |
| Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other49-9069 | $68,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 2.5% |
| Maintenance and repair workers, general49-9071 | $49,590 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 148,700 | 4.2% |
| Wind turbine service technicians49-9081 | $64,120 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,500 | 29.5% |
| Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers49-9091 | $47,450 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 3,800 | -3.4% |
| Commercial divers49-9092 | $72,990 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 400 | 4.8% |
| Locksmiths and safe repairers49-9094 | $51,320 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,200 | -11.7% |
| Manufactured building and mobile home installers49-9095 | $45,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 300 | 5.8% |
| Riggers49-9096 | $62,640 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | 3.9% |
| Signal and track switch repairers49-9097 | $92,460 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 800 | 1.8% |
| Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers49-9098 | $39,630 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 13,600 | 5.3% |
| Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other49-9099 | $49,230 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 18,300 | 2.6% |
| First-line supervisors of production and operating workers51-1011 | $74,450 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 61,000 | 1.8% |
| Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers51-2011 | $65,380 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,100 | -5.6% |
| Coil winders, tapers, and finishers51-2021 | $48,220 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,200 | -4.0% |
| Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers51-2028 | $45,850 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 25,900 | 5.0% |
| Engine and other machine assemblers51-2031 | $53,710 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,100 | -17.0% |
| Structural metal fabricators and fitters51-2041 | $51,330 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,800 | -6.2% |
| Fiberglass laminators and fabricators51-2051 | $46,880 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | 4.6% |
| Timing device assemblers and adjusters51-2061 | $62,620 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 0 | -6.1% |
| Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators51-2090 | $44,650 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 138,700 | 1.1% |
| Bakers51-3011 | $37,160 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 36,500 | 5.5% |
| Butchers and meat cutters51-3021 | $40,140 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 15,100 | 2.4% |
| Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers51-3022 | $38,300 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 17,000 | 5.7% |
| Slaughterers and meat packers51-3023 | $40,130 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 7,700 | 2.0% |
| Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders51-3091 | $44,810 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,500 | 0.4% |
| Food batchmakers51-3092 | $42,290 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 23,100 | 6.5% |
| Food cooking machine operators and tenders51-3093 | $41,590 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,700 | -0.3% |
| Food processing workers, all other51-3099 | $39,680 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 7,400 | 5.5% |
| Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4021 | $47,720 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,400 | 0.7% |
| Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4022 | $49,030 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 600 | -17.2% |
| Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4023 | $50,140 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,900 | -8.3% |
| Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4031 | $46,330 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 13,200 | -10.5% |
| Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4032 | $49,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 400 | -9.5% |
| Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4033 | $46,550 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,500 | -10.8% |
| Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4034 | $50,620 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | -11.3% |
| Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4035 | $52,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | -13.2% |
| Machinists51-4041 | $58,750 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 26,100 | 1.0% |
| Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders51-4051 | $54,430 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | -2.9% |
| Pourers and casters, metal51-4052 | $51,810 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 400 | -5.0% |
| Model makers, metal and plastic51-4061 | $63,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 200 | -17.3% |
| Patternmakers, metal and plastic51-4062 | $58,000 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | -22.8% |
| Foundry mold and coremakers51-4071 | $48,110 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 800 | -23.0% |
| Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4072 | $44,350 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 13,800 | -3.4% |
| Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4081 | $47,180 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,600 | 0.6% |
| Tool and die makers51-4111 | $64,050 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 4,300 | -9.2% |
| Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers51-4121 | $53,750 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 40,300 | 2.4% |
| Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders51-4122 | $47,920 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,500 | -8.9% |
| Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4191 | $48,750 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,100 | -9.5% |
| Layout workers, metal and plastic51-4192 | $63,870 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 500 | -3.4% |
| Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic51-4193 | $43,960 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,500 | -9.7% |
| Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners51-4194 | $50,060 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 500 | -6.8% |
| Metal workers and plastic workers, all other51-4199 | $45,950 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | -7.1% |
| Prepress technicians and workers51-5111 | $48,690 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | None | 2,100 | -15.3% |
| Printing press operators51-5112 | $45,780 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 12,100 | -8.7% |
| Print binding and finishing workers51-5113 | $42,290 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | -17.5% |
| Laundry and dry-cleaning workers51-6011 | $34,890 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 28,200 | 4.3% |
| Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials51-6021 | $35,060 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | -15.7% |
| Sewing machine operators51-6031 | $36,670 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 9,800 | -15.1% |
| Shoe and leather workers and repairers51-6041 | $37,800 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | -6.5% |
| Shoe machine operators and tenders51-6042 | $35,650 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 400 | -6.9% |
| Sewers, hand51-6051 | $36,480 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 600 | -12.0% |
| Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers51-6052 | $41,640 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,700 | -8.8% |
| Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders51-6061 | $38,180 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 600 | -12.5% |
| Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders51-6062 | $38,760 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | -13.6% |
| Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders51-6063 | $39,530 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | -13.7% |
| Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders51-6064 | $38,670 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,400 | -10.3% |
| Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers51-6091 | $46,350 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,100 | -3.3% |
| Fabric and apparel patternmakers51-6092 | $62,750 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 200 | -15.0% |
| Upholsterers51-6093 | $46,340 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | -2.3% |
| Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other51-6099 | $37,280 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 900 | -13.4% |
| Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters51-7011 | $46,680 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 6,900 | -2.9% |
| Furniture finishers51-7021 | $44,540 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,500 | -3.5% |
| Model makers, wood51-7031 | $56,550 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | -3.3% |
| Patternmakers, wood51-7032 | $49,630 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | -2.0% |
| Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood51-7041 | $42,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 4,500 | -1.0% |
| Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing51-7042 | $43,380 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,300 | -2.5% |
| Woodworkers, all other51-7099 | $44,530 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | -2.3% |
| Nuclear power reactor operators51-8011 | $122,890 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 400 | -5.9% |
| Power distributors and dispatchers51-8012 | $106,730 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 700 | 1.2% |
| Power plant operators51-8013 | $102,040 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | -5.1% |
| Stationary engineers and boiler operators51-8021 | $78,620 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 3,200 | 3.1% |
| Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators51-8031 | $60,020 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 10,000 | -5.7% |
| Chemical plant and system operators51-8091 | $78,120 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | -5.2% |
| Gas plant operators51-8092 | $87,820 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | -6.0% |
| Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers51-8093 | $96,710 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,700 | -1.9% |
| Plant and system operators, all other51-8099 | $62,470 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,200 | 2.3% |
| Chemical equipment operators and tenders51-9011 | $58,040 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 13,900 | 3.6% |
| Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9012 | $51,610 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,200 | -5.7% |
| Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9021 | $48,540 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | -1.7% |
| Grinding and polishing workers, hand51-9022 | $42,660 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 700 | -19.2% |
| Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9023 | $48,990 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 7,900 | -6.1% |
| Cutters and trimmers, hand51-9031 | $38,020 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 500 | -18.9% |
| Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9032 | $46,570 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,400 | -0.9% |
| Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9041 | $45,760 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,200 | 1.5% |
| Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders51-9051 | $48,040 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,800 | 2.6% |
| Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers51-9061 | $48,570 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 66,700 | 2.5% |
| Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers51-9071 | $52,540 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 3,700 | -3.2% |
| Dental laboratory technicians51-9081 | $49,610 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,600 | -5.9% |
| Medical appliance technicians51-9082 | $48,030 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | 3.5% |
| Ophthalmic laboratory technicians51-9083 | $39,460 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | 2.2% |
| Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders51-9111 | $43,220 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 41,400 | 4.1% |
| Painting, coating, and decorating workers51-9123 | $41,600 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 700 | 1.3% |
| Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9124 | $48,250 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 15,300 | 2.5% |
| Semiconductor processing technicians51-9141 | $51,430 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,400 | 8.2% |
| Photographic process workers and processing machine operators51-9151 | $40,610 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 600 | -5.6% |
| Computer numerically controlled tool operators51-9161 | $50,690 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 12,500 | -9.4% |
| Computer numerically controlled tool programmers51-9162 | $68,120 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,700 | 5.9% |
| Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders51-9191 | $46,460 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | 1.3% |
| Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders51-9192 | $43,530 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | 3.4% |
| Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders51-9193 | $41,330 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 800 | 5.9% |
| Etchers and engravers51-9194 | $43,310 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 800 | -0.7% |
| Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic51-9195 | $46,170 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 5,100 | 5.8% |
| Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders51-9196 | $50,270 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 9,000 | -3.6% |
| Tire builders51-9197 | $57,390 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,900 | 0.8% |
| Helpers--production workers51-9198 | $39,070 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 20,900 | -8.2% |
| Production workers, all other51-9199 | $40,110 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 27,300 | 0.8% |
| Aircraft cargo handling supervisors53-1041 | $58,170 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 900 | 9.2% |
| First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors53-1047 | $62,890 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | None | 54,900 | 3.0% |
| Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers53-2011 | $232,140 | Bachelor's degree | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 11,200 | 8.3% |
| Commercial pilots53-2012 | $123,220 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 5,200 | 5.2% |
| Air traffic controllers53-2021 | $148,080 | Associate's degree | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 2,100 | 1.7% |
| Airfield operations specialists53-2022 | $56,850 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Long-term on-the-job training | 1,500 | 7.8% |
| Flight attendants53-2031 | $63,580 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 18,500 | 8.8% |
| Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians53-3011 | $35,450 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,400 | -1.3% |
| Driver/sales workers53-3031 | $38,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 45,500 | 7.9% |
| Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers53-3032 | $58,640 | Postsecondary nondegree award | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 214,500 | 3.8% |
| Light truck drivers53-3033 | $44,860 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 107,200 | 6.3% |
| Bus drivers, school53-3051 | $47,920 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 56,500 | 0.7% |
| Bus drivers, transit and intercity53-3052 | $59,050 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 21,100 | 4.1% |
| Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs53-3053 | $37,290 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 35,500 | 7.1% |
| Taxi drivers53-3054 | $42,100 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 20,400 | 11.5% |
| Motor vehicle operators, all other53-3099 | $37,180 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 6,900 | 2.8% |
| Locomotive engineers53-4011 | $81,410 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,000 | 0.5% |
| Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers53-4013 | $60,600 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | 0.8% |
| Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators and locomotive firers53-4022 | $68,840 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | 0.8% |
| Railroad conductors and yardmasters53-4031 | $78,000 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,000 | 0.9% |
| Subway and streetcar operators53-4041 | $86,380 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | 3.7% |
| Rail transportation workers, all other53-4099 | $56,360 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | 4.4% |
| Sailors and marine oilers53-5011 | $51,520 | No formal educational credential | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,600 | 3.2% |
| Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels53-5021 | $92,460 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | None | 3,800 | 4.0% |
| Motorboat operators53-5022 | $47,520 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | None | 300 | 4.9% |
| Ship engineers53-5031 | $109,530 | Postsecondary nondegree award | Less than 5 years | None | 900 | 2.7% |
| Bridge and lock tenders53-6011 | $57,700 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 300 | -2.3% |
| Parking attendants53-6021 | $35,150 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 16,400 | 2.0% |
| Automotive and watercraft service attendants53-6031 | $35,670 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 12,900 | 3.8% |
| Aircraft service attendants53-6032 | $40,450 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,000 | 5.6% |
| Traffic technicians53-6041 | $59,090 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 900 | 4.0% |
| Transportation inspectors53-6051 | $92,100 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 2,300 | 2.2% |
| Passenger attendants53-6061 | $37,720 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,300 | 6.0% |
| Transportation workers, all other53-6099 | $45,650 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,600 | 4.0% |
| Conveyor operators and tenders53-7011 | $42,420 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,200 | -2.6% |
| Crane and tower operators53-7021 | $68,080 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 3,500 | 3.8% |
| Dredge operators53-7031 | $49,640 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 100 | 0.7% |
| Hoist and winch operators53-7041 | $56,450 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 300 | 0.2% |
| Industrial truck and tractor operators53-7051 | $46,420 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 64,700 | 1.5% |
| Cleaners of vehicles and equipment53-7061 | $35,830 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 51,500 | 3.9% |
| Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand53-7062 | $40,240 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 340,500 | 1.8% |
| Machine feeders and offbearers53-7063 | $41,220 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 4,000 | -13.1% |
| Packers and packagers, hand53-7064 | $36,280 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 61,800 | -5.0% |
| Stockers and order fillers53-7065 | $37,330 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 430,700 | 8.9% |
| Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators53-7071 | $77,320 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 300 | 2.1% |
| Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers53-7072 | $61,770 | High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,000 | 4.3% |
| Wellhead pumpers53-7073 | $69,960 | High school diploma or equivalent | Less than 5 years | Moderate-term on-the-job training | 1,700 | -2.0% |
| Refuse and recyclable material collectors53-7081 | $49,690 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 15,500 | 2.1% |
| Tank car, truck, and ship loaders53-7121 | $58,870 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 1,300 | 2.8% |
| Material moving workers, all other53-7199 | $41,800 | No formal educational credential | None | Short-term on-the-job training | 2,800 | 2.7% |
Key takeaways
- Credential Engine identified 1,850,034 unique credentials available in the United States in its 2025 count, spanning degrees, diplomas, licenses, certificates, certifications, microcredentials and badges. (Credential Engine, 2025)
- In Gallup’s 2024 US survey, 57% of unenrolled adults without a completed degree or credential had considered a degree or credential programme within the previous two years. (Gallup, May 2025)
- In 2023–24, 525,200 US learners earned an undergraduate certificate as their highest undergraduate award in the National Student Clearinghouse report. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
- In Pew’s experimental 2022 US survey analysis, 51% of vocational-certificate holders and 71% of professional-license holders reported using their own money for the credential asked about. (Pew Charitable Trusts, October 2025)
- The experimental 2022 US NTEWS pilot estimated that 51% of STEM workers had a sub-baccalaureate credential as their highest education level. (NCSES, September 2025)
- BLS projected the US economy would add 5.9 million jobs between 2025 and 2035, increasing total employment by 3.5% over the decade. (BLS, August 2026)
How large is the US credential landscape?
Counts of credentials offered are different from people holding credentials or awards completed.
| Measure | Reported count |
|---|---|
| Unique credentials offered, 2025 | 1,850,034 |
| Providers, 2025 | 134,491 |
| Annual credential expenditure estimate | $2.34 trillion |
Credential Engine identified 1,850,034 unique credentials available in the United States in its 2025 count, spanning degrees, diplomas, licenses, certificates, certifications, microcredentials and badges. (Credential Engine, 2025)
The 2025 US credential count identified 134,491 providers across its education and training ecosystem. (Credential Engine, 2025)
Credential Engine estimated $2.34 trillion in annual expenditure on US credential delivery and attainment in its 2025 report. (Credential Engine, 2025)
Credential Engine’s 2025 US inventory counted 1,022,028 badges versus 486,352 certificates, so these credential categories cannot be used interchangeably when describing training supply. (Credential Engine, 2025)
Pew’s analysis of the experimental 2022 NTEWS pilot estimated that 34% of US adults had completed a vocational certificate or held a professional license or certification under the study’s definitions. (Pew Charitable Trusts, October 2025)
The 2019 National Education and Attainment Survey dashboard reports that 15% of US adults aged 18–64 attained an additional postsecondary certificate, a measure distinct from currently active occupational licenses. (NORC, August 2021)
Who is choosing certificates and further training?
The 2024 Gallup opt-in panel covered US adults aged 18–59 without a completed degree or credential; interest is not enrolment.
| 2024 unenrolled respondents | Considered in past two years |
|---|---|
| Any degree or credential | 57% |
| Certificate | 22% |
| Industry certification | 16% |
In Gallup’s 2024 US survey, 57% of unenrolled adults without a completed degree or credential had considered a degree or credential programme within the previous two years. (Gallup, May 2025)
Among unenrolled US respondents in Gallup’s 2024 survey, certificate interest was 22%, compared with 16% for industry certification, with respondents allowed to select more than one option. (Gallup, May 2025)
In Gallup’s 2024 US survey, 68% of previously enrolled adults, versus 38% of never-enrolled adults, had considered returning to higher education in the previous two years. (Gallup, May 2025)
Among unenrolled US adults in Gallup’s 2024 survey, 22% were very likely and 26% likely to enrol in higher education within five years, responses that describe intentions rather than outcomes. (Gallup, May 2025)
In Pew’s experimental 2022 US pilot analysis, recalled annual vocational-certificate attainment rose from approximately 0.4% of adults in 2009 to 1.2% in 2021, a retrospective estimate rather than an administrative completion count. (Pew Charitable Trusts, October 2025)
How are undergraduate certificates being earned?
These 2023–24 findings count learners at participating Title IV degree-granting institutions; the highest-award count differs from all certificates awarded.
| 2023–24 measure | Result |
|---|---|
| Certificate as highest undergraduate award | 525,200 learners |
| Multiple undergraduate awards in one year | 10.4% of completers |
| Certificate alongside another award | 34.5% of certificate completers |
In 2023–24, 525,200 US learners earned an undergraduate certificate as their highest undergraduate award in the National Student Clearinghouse report. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
The number of US learners earning their first undergraduate credential as a certificate increased 12.6%, or 41,500 learners, in 2023–24 compared with the previous academic year. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
US certificate completers who already held a prior undergraduate award increased 8.0%, or 11,500 learners, in 2023–24 compared with the previous year. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
Certificates accounted for 15.4% of first-time US undergraduate completers in 2023–24, compared with 11.3% in 2014–15 in the same report series. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
In 2023–24, 10.4% of US undergraduate completers in the Clearinghouse study earned more than one award during the academic year. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
In 2023–24, 34.5% of US certificate completers received their certificate in the same academic year as another undergraduate award. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
The number of US certificate completers aged 18–20 increased 17.8%, or nearly 20,000 learners, in 2023–24, when certificate completers aged 24 and under first outnumbered those aged 25 and over in the report series. (National Student Clearinghouse, April 2025)
Who pays for short credentials?
Pew’s financing estimates come from the experimental 2022 pilot; respondents could select several funding sources, so shares cannot be added.
| Funding source | Vocational certificate / professional license |
|---|---|
| Own money | 51% / 71% |
| Government or private loans | 20% / 19% |
In Pew’s experimental 2022 US survey analysis, 51% of vocational-certificate holders and 71% of professional-license holders reported using their own money for the credential asked about. (Pew Charitable Trusts, October 2025)
In Pew’s experimental 2022 US analysis, 20% of vocational-certificate holders and 19% of professional-license holders reported government or private loans among their credential funding sources. (Pew Charitable Trusts, October 2025)
HCM Strategists’ December 2025 US inventory identified 111 active state-funded initiatives across 34 states supporting short-term credential pathways, including programmes not limited to those pathways. (HCM Strategists, December 2025)
HCM Strategists reported approximately $511 million committed to 26 new US state initiatives for short-term credentials in the year covered by its December 2025 update. (HCM Strategists, December 2025)
HCM Strategists’ December 2025 inventory estimated at least $8.1 billion in active US state investments supporting short-term pathways, combining $4.5 billion in exclusively short-term initiatives and $3.6 billion in broader initiatives. (HCM Strategists, December 2025)
Where do nondegree credentials fit in technical work?
NTEWS pilot figures are experimental and are not official population estimates; work-experience programmes are included in its nondegree-work-credential definition.
| Experimental 2022 US measure | Result |
|---|---|
| STEM workers with sub-baccalaureate education | 51% |
| Workers holding a nondegree work credential | 75 million |
| Sub-baccalaureate STEM workers aged 50–75 | 37% |
The experimental 2022 US NTEWS pilot estimated that 51% of STEM workers had a sub-baccalaureate credential as their highest education level. (NCSES, September 2025)
The experimental 2022 US NTEWS pilot estimated that 75 million workers held a nondegree work credential, of whom about 22 million worked in STEM occupations. (NCSES, September 2025)
In the experimental 2022 US NTEWS pilot, 24% of STEM workers reported a vocational certificate, 38% a license or certification and 40% a work-experience programme, with overlapping categories. (NCSES, September 2025)
The experimental 2022 US NTEWS pilot estimated that 37% of sub-baccalaureate STEM workers were aged 50–75, compared with 28% of STEM workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher. (NCSES, September 2025)
The experimental 2022 US NTEWS pilot estimated that 54% of sub-baccalaureate STEM workers held at least one nondegree work credential, compared with 72% of STEM workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher. (NCSES, September 2025)
What do credentials tell us about earnings and value?
The Brookings findings are associations in resume-based US worker data, not promised gains from a course; Federal Reserve findings are respondents’ retrospective assessments in 2023.
| Study and measure | Finding |
|---|---|
| Brookings: first job-relevant NDC association | 3.8% wage premium |
| Brookings: additional job-relevant NDC association | 1.0% wage increase |
| Federal Reserve: would complete more education | 45% of eligible respondents |
Brookings’ 2025 analysis of US worker resumes associated a first job-relevant nondegree credential with a 3.8% wage premium, versus 1.8% for a first job-irrelevant credential, without establishing a guaranteed course return. (Brookings, December 2025)
Brookings’ 2025 US resume analysis associated each additional job-relevant nondegree credential with a 1.0% wage increase, while irrelevant accumulation showed no gains or a penalty. (Brookings, December 2025)
Brookings’ 2025 US resume analysis found non-college workers’ nondegree-credential wage premiums were 1.5 to 2 times those of college graduates, an observational comparison across worker groups. (Brookings, December 2025)
In the Federal Reserve’s 2023 US survey, 70% of adults had attended an educational programme after high school, while 37% had earned at least a bachelor’s degree. (Federal Reserve, May 2024)
In the Federal Reserve’s 2023 US survey, 43% of associate-degree holders versus 28% of those without an associate or higher degree said education benefits exceeded costs, among eligible respondents with post-high-school education. (Federal Reserve, May 2024)
In the Federal Reserve’s 2023 US survey, 45% of adults with post-high-school education who were not currently enrolled said they would complete more education if deciding again. (Federal Reserve, May 2024)
How do education and entry requirements differ across jobs?
BLS requirements describe jobs and typical entry pathways; Census describes education workers already hold, and neither measures a certificate’s causal effect.
| Typical entry education in BLS table | Detailed occupations |
|---|---|
| High school diploma or equivalent | 326 |
| Postsecondary nondegree award | 51 |
| Associate’s degree | 48 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 177 |
In 2025, 22.9% of US civilian workers had jobs requiring a license or certification in the BLS Occupational Requirements Survey, compared with 6.5% requiring an educational certificate. (BLS, accessed November 2026)
In 2025, 93.4% of US healthcare practitioners and technical workers had jobs requiring a license or certification in the BLS Occupational Requirements Survey. (BLS, accessed November 2026)
In 2024, 49.3% of employed US workers had a high school diploma through associate degree as their highest education level, compared with 44.5% holding a bachelor’s degree or higher. (Census Bureau, September 2025)
In 2024, US bachelor’s-or-higher attainment was 42.8% at ages 25–39 and 34.2% at ages 55 and over, showing why age-group comparisons need an explicit denominator. (Census Bureau, September 2025)
In 2024, 78.3% of US installation, maintenance and repair workers had a high school diploma through associate degree as their highest education level, the largest share among the occupation groups in the Census release. (Census Bureau, September 2025)
BLS projected the US economy would add 5.9 million jobs between 2025 and 2035, increasing total employment by 3.5% over the decade. (BLS, August 2026)
Methods and limitations
We checked 45 candidate findings and kept 40 from 11 original publishers. The findings retain each study’s population and period. They are not combined into an average, return score or earnings promise. Pilot survey results are experimental, and resume-based wage associations do not establish a causal training benefit.
Our occupational comparison retains all 831 detailed rows from BLS table 1.2 and excludes summary rows to avoid double-counting. The headline counts group the typical education category and count positive projected growth within the below-bachelor group. This group includes no formal credential, high school, some college, a postsecondary nondegree award and an associate degree. It does not mean all these roles are reachable through a short course. The CSV also retains the original employment fields and units.
Reviewed November 6, 2026. Next review: May 6, 2027, or sooner after a source correction. Report a correction with the finding and its source. The occupational compilation is available under CC BY 4.0; the underlying US federal data are public domain.
Use the career action planner to turn entry requirements into next steps, or compare your training costs before choosing a course.
Cite: Fight For 50, “40 US training and credential statistics: 2026 research and pay data,” updated November 6, 2026, https://fightfor50.com/certificate-programs/training-statistics/
Original publishers
- Credential Engine: 2025
- Pew Charitable Trusts: October 2025
- NCSES: September 2025
- National Student Clearinghouse: April 2025
- Gallup: May 2025
- BLS: August 2026
- BLS: accessed November 2026
- BLS: August 2026
- Census Bureau: September 2025
- HCM Strategists: December 2025
- Federal Reserve: May 2024
- NORC: August 2021
- Brookings: December 2025